glossary
Flame activator
additive that improves the process of energy release from light oil products - increases the completeness of fuel combustion and reduces its consumption.
Alkanes
saturated (limiting) paraffinic hydrocarbons are part of the fuels.
Antigel
depressant and dispersant additive for diesel fuel, which significantly reduces the limiting temperature of solidification. Thanks to this, diesel fuel can be used in any season.
Antioxidants
substances that allow you to save the marketable type of fuel, preventing the oxidation of its components
Gasoline
light fraction of hydrocarbons with a boiling point from 30ºС to 200ºС, obtained in an oil refining processes. Used in internal combustion engines with spark ignition. Gasoline consists predominantly of hydrocarbons such as octane, hexane, toluene and benzene.
Benzene
one of the simplest aromatic hydrocarbons. It is part of gasoline and is widely used in the chemical industry. for the production of plastics, dyes and many other products.
Bunkering
refueling the ship with fuel and engine oils. This process can be carried out both in the dock and in the open sea.
Wisbreaking
the process of deep processing of heavy oil residues (fuel oil and tar), which is carried out at thre pressure of 1 - 5 MPa and temperature 430 - 490 ºС. Visbreaking is carried out for the production of commercial boiler fuels and gas oil.
Gasoil
a mixture of hydrocarbons of various structures, which is obtained during various processes of oil and heavy oil refining oil feedstock. Gas oil is used as a motor fuel, it is added to middle distillates, and is also used in as a raw material for oil refining plants.
Gas condensate
liquid hydrocarbons, sometimes mixed with natural gas.
Demulsifier
a chemical reagent used to break oil-water emulsions. Widely used in dehydration and oil desalting.
Diesel fuel
type of fuel for internal combustion engines, which is a mixture of various hydrocarbons with a boiling point in the range from about 180°C to 360°C.
Depressors
substances that settle on paraffin molecules and do not allow them to combine with each other at low temperatures, preventing freezing of the fuel.
Dispersants
substances that coat the paraffin molecules in diesel fuel and keep them in re-suspension.
Distillate (petroleum)
the lightest of the liquid fractions of oil, which is obtained as a result of the condensation of vapors of oil distilled at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum at a pressure of 4-6 kPa (30-45 mm Hg). Petroleum distillates are conditionally divided into a number fractions: gases, gasolines, naphtha, kerosenes, gas oils and oil fractions.
Corrosion Inhibitors
reagents that reduce the rate of metal corrosion in an aggressive environment, providing a longer service life equipment.
Kerosene
an oil refining product from which fuel is produced for jet and turbojet aircraft engines.
Catalytic cracking
thermal catalytic processing of oil fractions in order to obtain high-octane gasoline and unsaturated fatty gases.
Catalytic reforming
processing of gasoline and naphtha fractions of oil to produce motor gasoline, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen containing gas.
Cracking
the process of refining oil and its fractions, which significantly increases the yield of light oil products. Cracking can be thermal (under the influence of high temperature) and catalytic (using a catalyst).
Naphtha (ligroin,straight-run gasoline)
combustible mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, heavier than gasoline. Naphtha is obtained by direct distillation of oil or cracking oil products (yield 15-18% by weight of raw materials). Boiling limits are equial to 120-240 °С. It is a clear yellowish liquid. It is applied as a raw material for the petrochemical industry and in the production of olefins in steam crackers. It is also used for the production of gasoline, both as an additive and as a raw material for the production of high-octane additives.
Fuel oil
residual product after processing oil into gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene and naphtha. Oil is used as boiler fuel, for further processing (cracking) in order to obtain motor fuels, as well as for the production bitumen and other purposes.
Mercaptans (thiols)
highly toxic organic compounds with an unpleasant specific odor. Have a detrimental effect on the human body, as well as enhance corrosion processes, reducing the service life of equipment.
Naphtha (naphtha, straight-run gasoline)
a mixture of hydrocarbons resulting from the direct distillation of petroleum. It is used as raw material for petrochemical industry and gasoline production.
Oil
mineral, which is a mixture of alkanes, some cyclanes and arenes, as well as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen compounds. Oil is used to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil and etc.
Neutralizer (hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans)
an additive that absorbs hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan molecules in fuel, neutralizing them.
Oil dehydration
a technological process carried out to reduce the amount of water in oil before its transportation and processing.
Oil desalination
a technological process which is carried out to remove salts and corrosive substances from oil.
Paraffin
a mixture of solid high-molecular hydrocarbons, which is contained in oil in the products of its processing. At low temperature it crystallizes and reduces the fluidity of oil and oil products.
Oil refining
the process of separating oil into separate fractions that differ in boiling point.
Additive
special substances added to fuels and oils to improve their performance.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
gas (mainly methane) liquefied by refrigeration and compression.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
mixture of light hydrocarbons liquefied under pressure with a boiling point of -50 to 0 °C. Used as motor fuel.
Sibur
the largest petrochemical company in Russia and Eastern Europe with full coverage of the industry cycle from gas processing to production of monomers, plastics and synthetic rubbers and plastics processing.
Resins factual
residue from the evaporation of aviation gasoline or turbojet fuel or heptane-insoluble part residue from the evaporation of motor gasoline (washed resins).
Resins unwashed
residue from the evaporation of motor gasoline, consisting of actual tars and hard-to-evaporate additive components.
Marine Low Viscosity Fuel (MLVF)
medium distillate fuel intended for use in high-speed and medium-speed marine engines.
Toluene
a chemical compound that is a clear liquid with a pungent odor. It is a product of catalytic reforming of gasoline fractions and is used for the production of benzene, solvents and organic synthesis.
TS-1 (Jet fuel)
aviation hydrocarbon fuel for aircraft with a thermal engine, which is obtained from middle distillate fraction of oil by direct distillation, or in a mixture with hydrotreated or demercaptanized component.
UIT-85
universal installation for determining the octane numbers of gasolines and their components for motor and research methods according to GOST (State Standards) 511-82 and GOST 8226-82 (which are similar to tests carried out according to international standards ASTM D2699,ASTM D2700, EN 25163, ISO 5163, ISO 5164).
Cetane number
flammability characteristic of diesel fuel, which determines the ignition delay period of the mixture (time interval from fuel injection into the cylinder to the start of its combustion). The higher the cetane number is, the lower the delay is and the quieter and more smoothly the fuel mixture burns. In some countries, the cetane number is measured in units of Cetane Number (CN), in others - in Cetane Index (CI) units. Generally, the higher the cetane number of a fuel is, the higher is its cost.
Ecological class (fuels)
a standard that defines the requirements for the presence of harmful substances in fuel. Based on the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union TR of the Customs Union 013/2011 Russia introduced environmental classes of motor gasoline K2, K3, K4, K5.
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